Data sources.

Affordability

The affordability dimension is built from a four-factor Cost-of-Living Index. Chargeable empty homes, second homes, first-time-buyer mortgage sales and child-poverty rates are surfaced on the area page for context but do not feed the score — each one lacks a same-quality equivalent across all three nations.

Safety

Crime data covers England, Wales, and Scotland. Local Authority crime rates for England and Wales use official Home Office recorded crime statistics at Community Safety Partnership level (ONS Police Force Area data tables, refreshed quarterly). Built-Up Area and postcode district rates use a 12-month rolling window of police.uk monthly bulk-archive crime points, spatial-joined against the area's ONS BUA22 polygon or postcode-district boundary so the crime numerator and the population denominator cover the same geography. Curated villages and small towns inherit the rate of their containing postcode district. Where a force's street-level publishing is too sparse for polygon attribution to be reliable (currently a small set of areas, mainly in Greater Manchester following the July 2019 iOPS IT system migration), affected sub-LAD areas fall back to their parent council's ONS rate. Scotland uses the Scottish Government's Recorded Crime statistics (total crimes per council area). LAD-tier figures are automatically cross-checked against the ONS and Scottish Government tables on every refresh.

Weather

Green Space

The green space dimension combines two sub-scores: 60% green land cover (landscape greenness from satellite imagery) and 40% park access (proximity to formal parks from ONS data).

Green land cover measures the percentage of woodland, grassland, and other vegetation within each area’s boundary using satellite imagery. Privately owned farmland is included at a reduced weighting because it is not publicly accessible. Park access measures the average number of parks, public gardens, or playing fields within 1,000 m of each address (from Ordnance Survey data). For Built-Up Areas, green land cover is computed within the town boundary; park access is inherited from the parent Local Authority.

Amenities

Categories counted: restaurants, cafes, pubs, supermarkets, pharmacies, banks, cinemas, theatres, libraries, sports centres, swimming pools, fitness centres, and parks. Raw counts are passed through a square root transformation before normalisation (see Methodology).

Commute

Commute time is based on the 2021 Census and reflects pre-/peri-pandemic commuting patterns. Transport connectivity and road congestion data from DfT provide additional context on how well-connected and congested each area is.

Local Transport

Shows up to 5 nearest railway stations within 30 km, the nearest motorway within 50 km, and up to 2 nearest airports within 50 km of each area centroid. All distances are straight-line (as-the-crow-flies), not road distance. These are supplementary fields displayed for context — they are not used in the scoring algorithm. Scottish areas additionally show a bus accessibility score from Transport Scotland's SABI indicator (display only, not scored). The Getting Around tab also shows cycling infrastructure attributed within each boundary: off-carriageway cycle paths and bike parking from OpenStreetMap, alongside signed National Cycle Network length from Sustrans / Walk Wheel Cycle Trust. On-carriageway painted lanes are excluded.

Commute Costs

Commute cost data is informational only — not included in scoring. Season ticket prices, driving costs, and move-vs-commute comparisons are displayed on the Transport tab of area detail pages to help you assess commuting options.

For each area, we show estimated annual commute costs (train and driving) to the nearest regional employment hub and to London. Season ticket prices come from the National Rail fares data. Driving costs are estimated using average fuel prices, 40 MPG fuel efficiency, a 1.3x road distance factor, and 230 working days per year.

The Move-vs-Commute comparison uses these costs alongside average rental data to show whether it would be cheaper to live in an area and commute to the nearest city, or to rent in the city itself. This is a rough guide, not financial advice.

Schools & Childcare

Inspection data is informational only — not included in scoring. Ofsted inspection data is displayed on area detail pages for English areas but does not contribute to any scored dimension. Scotland and Wales use different inspection frameworks (Estyn, Education Scotland) with no bulk national coverage or consistent grading scale, making a fair UK-wide comparison impossible. However, school attainment data (exam results) is available for all three countries and feeds into the education dimension score.

For English areas, we show the percentage of schools rated Good or Outstanding in their most recent Ofsted inspection. At the postcode district level, ratings are split into primary and secondary phases. Childcare data includes nurseries, childminders, pre-schools and other registered providers, with Ofsted quality ratings (Outstanding, Good, Requires Improvement, Inadequate) and total registered places.

School attainment data uses each country’s headline exam measure: Attainment 8 (GCSE) scores in England, Achievement of Curriculum for Excellence (CfE) Levels in Scotland, and Capped 9 points scores in Wales. These are normalised per-country and contribute to the education dimension score.

Environment

The environment dimension combines air quality (45%), flood risk (30%, inverted) and a noise exposure proxy (25%, inverted) into a composite score. Recycling rate, fly-tipping incidents per 1,000 residents, and natural-capital £m values are surfaced on the area page for context but not scored: Scotland has no LA-level fly-tipping dataset and Scottish recycling figures lag by three years, so the metrics aren't comparable across the three nations on equal footing.

Air quality is measured using DEFRA modelled background concentrations of NO&sub2; and PM2.5, combined into a composite index. Flood risk data comes from the Environment Agency (England), Natural Resources Wales (Wales), and SEPA (Scotland). The noise score is an estimate derived from proximity to motorways, rail lines and major airports plus local population density — not a measured decibel reading. DEFRA stopped publishing local-authority strategic-noise CSVs in March 2026 (Round 4 is now only available as a 10 m raster grid covering urban "agglomerations" only).

Health & Wellbeing

The health & wellbeing dimension blends six inputs: life satisfaction (22%), the IMD health domain (19%), self-reported health (18%), healthy life expectancy (15%), GP access (13%) and life expectancy at birth (13%). GP patient satisfaction, the local public-health mortality profile (Fingertips for England), early-stage cancer detection and preventable cardiovascular mortality are all surfaced on the area page for context but kept out of the score because they don't have a same-quality equivalent across England, Scotland, and Wales.

Healthy life expectancy notes: ONS Explore Local Statistics is the primary source. Where it silently omits an English LAD (Sheffield, Barnsley) we fill the gap from OHID Fingertips, which republishes the same ONS dataset. ONS does not publish HLE for City of London or Isles of Scilly because their populations are too small to produce statistically robust estimates; for those two named LADs only, we borrow the figure from a documented neighbour (City of London uses Westminster, Scilly uses Cornwall) and note the borrow on the area page so it is explicit, not silent.

Deprivation (IMD)

The Index of Multiple Deprivation provides 7 domains of deprivation at the most granular level available. Used in the Health & Wellbeing dimension and as supporting context on area detail pages.

IMD domains: income, employment, education, health, crime, housing, and living environment. Aggregated to Local Authority, BUA, and postcode district levels using population-weighted averages.

Supporting Data

These datasets are not scored directly but are used for normalisation, per-capita calculations, or supplementary area information.

Live & Upcoming

Area detail pages show live and upcoming developments affecting each area. These are refreshed regularly from the following sources.

Tags & Classification

Areas receive descriptive tags based on data-driven thresholds. The following datasets power the auto-derived Lifestyle tags (areas in the top 25th percentile of each metric receive the tag).

National Park and National Landscape (AONB) tags use boundary data from Natural England. A town receives the tag if its centre falls inside the designated boundary or within 2 km of its edge:

Quality of Life tags (Affordable, Safe, Green Spaces, Family Friendly, Good Commute) are derived from existing dimension scores — no additional external data source is needed. The Low Flood Risk tag uses flood data from the Environment Agency (England), Natural Resources Wales, and SEPA (Scotland) — areas in the bottom 25th percentile of postcodes at high/medium flood risk receive the tag. The Coastal Erosion Risk warning tag uses the EA’s NCERM 2024 dataset — coastal LAs in the top 25th percentile of residential properties at risk of erosion receive the tag. Setting and Culture tags are manually curated or from static reference lists. DfT, Home Office, and BRES data cover England only; Welsh and Scottish areas can still receive manual, score-derived, and OSM-based tags. The Arts & Culture tag uses a dedicated OpenStreetMap Overpass query for cultural venues (theatres, museums, galleries, and art centres).

Additional auto-derived tags based on enrichment data:

Licensing & Attribution

BritPlace uses open data under two licences:

• Open Government Licence v3.0 — covers all Crown Copyright and public sector datasets (ONS, Land Registry, Ofsted, Home Office, Police UK, Scottish Government, StatsWales, Met Office, Ofcom, DLUHC, NHS Digital, DfT, Natural England, Environment Agency, Public Health Scotland, Transport Scotland, Ofgem, BGS, UKHSA, Planning Data, Walk Wheel Cycle Trust / Sustrans). The National Cycle Network dataset additionally contains Ordnance Survey data © Crown copyright and database right. View licence.
• Copernicus Land Monitoring Service — CLCplus Backbone 2023 data is provided under the Copernicus open data policy.
• Open Data Commons Open Database License (ODbL) — covers OpenStreetMap data used for amenity counts, railway station locations, and the cycle paths & bike parking shown on the Getting Around tab. © OpenStreetMap contributors.

Data Freshness

Our data is automatically refreshed monthly from official government and open sources to ensure scores reflect the latest available statistics. See the Methodology page for details on how raw data is transformed into scores.